The Effectiveness of Extended Reality Training Programmes for Improving Psychomotor Skill Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Resumen

Organisations are increasingly implementing extended reality (XR) in education, organisational training, and sports practice. However, the effectiveness of XR compared to conventional training methods, and the potential improvements that additional sensory information such as haptic feedback may offer are unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared XR with non- XR training programmes in improving psychomotor skill performance and assessed whether haptic feedback improved programmes' effectiveness. Seven databases were searched on January 11*, 2024, for randomised controlled trials quantitatively measuring the effectiveness of a psychomotor skill after an XR-based training programme. Sensitivity analyses, publication bias and risk of bias were assessed. Due to non-independence of effect sizes, robust variance meta-regression models were run and presented using forest plots. Thirty-five reports were assessed, totalling 1692 participants. Both the post-training and pre-post-training change scores between XR and non-XR groups were assessed. Four robust variance estimation meta-regression models were created by splitting two types of control groups: passive (no training) and active (non-XR training). No differences were found between XR training and active control groups. There was, however, a benefit of XR training compared with passive controls on post-training, but not change scores. Additionally, one model showed a significant negative effect of haptic feedback on post-training scores compared with active controls, with the other models showing non-significant effects. Evidence certainty was limited by high heterogeneity, risk of bias, and poor methods reporting. Overall, XR-based training offers no significant benefit or detriment for training psychomotor skills.

Áreas y palabras clave

Cómo citar (APA 7)

Bateman, S., Harris, D., Melendez-Torres, G., Buckingham, G., Wilson, M., & Vine, S. (2025). The Effectiveness of Extended Reality Training Programmes for Improving Psychomotor Skill Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uvdpj